I.简介
HTTP是现代应用常用的一种交换数据和媒体的网络方式,高效地使用HTTP能让资源加载更快,节省带宽。OkHttp是一个高效的HTTP客户端,它有以下默认特性:
- 支持HTTP/2,允许所有同一个主机地址的请求共享同一个socket连接
- 连接池减少请求延时
- 透明的GZIP压缩减少响应数据的大小
- 缓存响应内容,避免一些完全重复的请求
当网络出现问题的时候OkHttp依然坚守自己的职责,它会自动恢复一般的连接问题,如果你的服务有多个IP地址,当第一个IP请求失败时,OkHttp会交替尝试你配置的其他IP,OkHttp使用现代TLS技术(SNI, ALPN)初始化新的连接,当握手失败时会回退到TLS 1.0。
II.使用
OkHttp的使用是非常简单的. 它的请求/响应 API 使用构造器模式builders来设计,它支持阻塞式的同步请求和带回调的异步请求。
Download OkHttp3
implementation("com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:4.2.0")
当你看到这的时候,可能最新的稳定版已经不是4.2.0了,你需要移步官方GitHub来查看最新版本。 官方地址 https://github.com/square/okhttp,另外不要忘了在清单文件声明访问Internet的权限,如果使用 DiskLruCache
,那还得声明写外存的权限。
1.1. 异步GET请求
-new OkHttpClient;
-构造Request对象;
-通过前两步中的对象构建Call对象;
-通过Call#enqueue(Callback)方法来提交异步请求;
String url = "http://wwww.baidu.com"; OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient(); final Request request = new Request.Builder() .url(url) .get()//默认就是GET请求,可以不写 .build(); Call call = okHttpClient.newCall(request); call.enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { Log.d(TAG, "onFailure: "); } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { Log.d(TAG, "onResponse: " + response.body().string()); } });
异步发起的请求会被加入到 Dispatcher
中的 runningAsyncCalls
双端队列中通过线程池来执行。
1.2. 同步GET请求
前面几个步骤和异步方式一样,只是最后一部是通过 Call#execute()
来提交请求,注意这种方式会阻塞调用线程,所以在Android中应放在子线程中执行,否则有可能引起ANR异常,Android3.0
以后已经不允许在主线程访问网络。
String url = "http://wwww.baidu.com"; OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient(); final Request request = new Request.Builder() .url(url) .build(); final Call call = okHttpClient.newCall(request); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { try { Response response = call.execute(); Log.d(TAG, "run: " + response.body().string()); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }).start();
2.1. POST方式提交String
这种方式与前面的区别就是在构造Request对象时,需要多构造一个RequestBody对象,用它来携带我们要提交的数据。在构造 RequestBody
需要指定MediaType
,用于描述请求/响应 body
的内容类型,关于 MediaType
的更多信息可以查看 RFC 2045,RequstBody的几种构造方式:
MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); String requestBody = "I am Jdqm."; Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(RequestBody.create(mediaType, requestBody)) .build(); OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient(); okHttpClient.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { Log.d(TAG, "onFailure: " + e.getMessage()); } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { Log.d(TAG, response.protocol() + " " +response.code() + " " + response.message()); Headers headers = response.headers(); for (int i = 0; i < headers.size(); i++) { Log.d(TAG, headers.name(i) + ":" + headers.value(i)); } Log.d(TAG, "onResponse: " + response.body().string()); } });
响应内容
http/1.1 200 OK Date:Sat, 10 Mar 2018 05:23:20 GMT Content-Type:text/html;charset=utf-8 Content-Length:18 Server:GitHub.com Status:200 OK X-RateLimit-Limit:60 X-RateLimit-Remaining:52 X-RateLimit-Reset:1520661052 X-CommonMarker-Version:0.17.4 Access-Control-Expose-Headers:ETag, Link, Retry-After, X-GitHub-OTP, X-RateLimit-Limit, X-RateLimit-Remaining, X-RateLimit-Reset, X-OAuth-Scopes, X-Accepted-OAuth-Scopes, X-Poll-Interval Access-Control-Allow-Origin:* Content-Security-Policy:default-src 'none' Strict-Transport-Security:max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload X-Content-Type-Options:nosniff X-Frame-Options:deny X-XSS-Protection:1; mode=block X-Runtime-rack:0.019668 Vary:Accept-Encoding X-GitHub-Request-Id:1474:20A83:5CC0B6:7A7C1B:5AA36BC8 onResponse: <p>I am Jdqm.</p>
2.2. POST方式提交表单
OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient(); RequestBody requestBody = new FormBody.Builder() .add("search", "Jurassic Park") .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php") .post(requestBody) .build(); okHttpClient.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { Log.d(TAG, "onFailure: " + e.getMessage()); } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { Log.d(TAG, response.protocol() + " " +response.code() + " " + response.message()); Headers headers = response.headers(); for (int i = 0; i < headers.size(); i++) { Log.d(TAG, headers.name(i) + ":" + headers.value(i)); } Log.d(TAG, "onResponse: " + response.body().string()); } });
提交表单时,使用 RequestBody
的实现类FormBody
来描述请求体,它可以携带一些经过编码的 key-value
请求体,键值对存储在下面两个集合中:
private final List<String> encodedNames; private final List<String> encodedValues;
2.3. POST提交文件
MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient(); File file = new File("test.md"); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(RequestBody.create(mediaType, file)) .build(); okHttpClient.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { Log.d(TAG, "onFailure: " + e.getMessage()); } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { Log.d(TAG, response.protocol() + " " +response.code() + " " + response.message()); Headers headers = response.headers(); for (int i = 0; i < headers.size(); i++) { Log.d(TAG, headers.name(i) + ":" + headers.value(i)); } Log.d(TAG, "onResponse: " + response.body().string()); } });
2.4 POST方式提交流
这种方法工作中应该很少用
RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() { @Nullable @Override public MediaType contentType() { return MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); } @Override public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException { sink.writeUtf8("I am Jdqm."); } }; Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(requestBody) .build(); OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient(); okHttpClient.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { Log.d(TAG, "onFailure: " + e.getMessage()); } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { Log.d(TAG, response.protocol() + " " +response.code() + " " + response.message()); Headers headers = response.headers(); for (int i = 0; i < headers.size(); i++) { Log.d(TAG, headers.name(i) + ":" + headers.value(i)); } Log.d(TAG, "onResponse: " + response.body().string()); } });
2.5. POST方式提交分块请求
这种也不常用
private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "..."; private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png"); private void postMultipartBody() { OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); // Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image MultipartBody body = new MultipartBody.Builder("AaB03x") .setType(MultipartBody.FORM) .addPart( Headers.of("Content-Disposition", "form-data; name=\"title\""), RequestBody.create(null, "Square Logo")) .addPart( Headers.of("Content-Disposition", "form-data; name=\"image\""), RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png"))) .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID) .url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image") .post(body) .build(); Call call = client.newCall(request); call.enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { System.out.println(response.body().string()); } }); }III.拦截器-interceptor
OkHttp的拦截器链可谓是其整个框架的精髓,用户可传入的 interceptor
分为两类:
①一类是全局的 interceptor
,该类 interceptor
在整个拦截器链中最早被调用,通过 OkHttpClient.Builder#addInterceptor(Interceptor)
传入;
②另外一类是非网页请求的 interceptor
,这类拦截器只会在非网页请求中被调用,并且是在组装完请求之后,真正发起网络请求前被调用,所有的 interceptor
被保存在 List<Interceptor> interceptors
集合中,按照添加顺序来逐个调用,具体可参考 RealCall#getResponseWithInterceptorChain()
方法。通过 OkHttpClient.Builder#addNetworkInterceptor(Interceptor)
传入;
这里举一个简单的例子,例如有这样一个需求,我要监控App通过 OkHttp
发出的所有原始请求,以及整个请求所耗费的时间,针对这样的需求就可以使用第一类全局的 interceptor
在拦截器链头去做。
OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient.Builder() // 添加拦截器 .addInterceptor(new LoggingInterceptor()) .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://www.publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Example") .build(); okHttpClient.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { Log.d(TAG, "onFailure: " + e.getMessage()); } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { ResponseBody body = response.body(); if (body != null) { Log.d(TAG, "onResponse: " + response.body().string()); body.close(); } } });
这里是自定义的LoggingInterceptor拦截器
public class LoggingInterceptor implements Interceptor { private static final String TAG = "LoggingInterceptor"; @Override public Response intercept(Chain chain) throws IOException { Request request = chain.request(); long startTime = System.nanoTime(); Log.d(TAG, String.format("Sending request %s on %s%n%s", request.url(), chain.connection(), request.headers())); Response response = chain.proceed(request); long endTime = System.nanoTime(); Log.d(TAG, String.format("Received response for %s in %.1fms%n%s", response.request().url(), (endTime - startTime) / 1e6d, response.headers())); return response; } }
针对这个请求,打印出来的结果
Sending request http://www.publicobject.com/helloworld.txt on null User-Agent: OkHttp Example Received response for https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt in 1265.9ms Server: nginx/1.10.0 (Ubuntu) Date: Wed, 28 Mar 2018 08:19:48 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 1759 Last-Modified: Tue, 27 May 2014 02:35:47 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5383fa03-6df" Accept-Ranges: bytes
注意到一点是这个请求做了重定向,原始的 request url
是 http://www.publicobject.com/helloworld.tx
,而响应的 request url
是 https://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt
,这说明一定发生了重定向,但是做了几次重定向其实我们这里是不知道的,要知道这些的话,可以使用 addNetworkInterceptor()
去做。更多的关于 interceptor
的使用以及它们各自的优缺点,请移步OkHttp官方说明文档。
IV. 自定义dns服务
Okhttp默认情况下使用的是系统
V.其他
- 推荐让
OkHttpClient
保持单例,用同一个OkHttpClient
实例来执行你的所有请求,因为每一个OkHttpClient
实例都拥有自己的连接池和线程池,重用这些资源可以减少延时和节省资源,如果为每个请求创建一个OkHttpClient
实例,显然就是一种资源的浪费。当然,也可以使用如下的方式来创建一个新的OkHttpClient
实例,它们共享连接池、线程池和配置信息。
OkHttpClient eagerClient = client.newBuilder() .readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) .build(); Response response = eagerClient.newCall(request).execute();
2.Call(其实现是RealCall)只能执行一次,否则会报异常,具体参见 RealCall#execute()